K9 Suspect Discrimination

K9 Suspect Discrimination
Training and Practicing Scent Identification Line-Ups

By Adee Schoon & Ruud Haak

166 Pages - Hardcover

Product # 958

Introduction

Police Tracking Dogs: The Foundation of Suspect Identification
History of the Police Dog
Shepherd Dogs
Night Watchmen
Nose Work
Police Dogs
Suspect Identification
The "Duwe" Murder Case
A Floor of Successes
Homicide Cases
Storage
Other Interesting Cases
Miraculous Stories
Strong Criticism
Amusing Parody
Tracking: The Foundation of Suspect Identification

A Short History
Albert's Performances
The Murdered Director
The Murder of the Mayor
Murdered with Manure
Pebbles
National Tracking Dog School
Changing Protocols
A Line-Up of Men
A Line-Up of Objects
Objective Use
Bunches of Keys
Aluminum Tubes
A Little "Fie"!
Stainless Steel Tubes
Scent Collection Cloths
The Fitting-Room Murder
"Two Times Six"
Critically Reviewed
The "12-Odors Line-Up"
"Four Time Six"
The "Check First" Protocol
The Murdered Widow

Do all People Smell Different? Human Odor
Humans Produce Many Odors
The Human Skin
Skin Glands
Composition of Eccrine Sweat
Composition of Sebaceour Secretions
Life on the Skin
The Lipids
Human Skin and Odor
Forensic Points of Interest
Stability and Sources of Variation of an Individual's Odor
Mixing of Odors as a Result of Different People Touching Same Object

How do Dogs Smell? Odor Perception
Introduction
General Principles
The Olfactory Organ
The Signal: What is Odor?
How Does the Odor Signal Reach the Receptor?
Odor Receptors
Which Odor Signal Reacts to Which Odor Receptor?
Reaction Between the Odor Signal and the Odor Receptor
Impulse to the Brain: The Bulbus Olfactorius
Further Processing in the Brain
The vomeronasal Organ
Remembering Odors
More Sources of Variation
Practical Advice

Some Questions and Answers
Introduction
Detection
Discrimination
The Brisbin and Austad Study
Match to Sample
The Hepper Study
What Kinds of Mistakes do Dogs Make?
Do Dogs use Cues Given by the Handler?
Does the Position in the Row Influence the Result?
Do Dogs Make Other Systematic Mistakes?
Do Dogs Utilize Other Odor Information than "Unique Human Odor"?
The Effect of Hand Washing
Do Dogs Delect "The Odd Man Out"?
Do Dogs Prefer the Odor of Certain People>
What is the Effect of Difference in the Line-Up Protocol?
Different Protocols Lead to Differences in Performance
The Magic Scent Machine
Conclusion

Training Dogs to Perform Scent Identification Line-Ups
Selection of Dog and Handler
The Development of Training
The Tubes, the platforms and the Scents Identifications Room
The 6 Steps
Building Up Complexity
General Guideline
Variations on Training
Short-Long
Modified Familiar-Nonfamiliar
Familiar-Nonfamiliar Method
General Training Problems
Giving Scent
Speed on the Platform
Beginning at Position 1
Continuing to the End of the Line-Up
Motivation for Working

Overview of the Different Systems
Different Countries Use Different Systems
Organization and Responsibilities
Certification System
Material and General Method
Basic Line-Up Protocol and Odor Collection
The Use of Controls in the Line-Up Protocol
Handler Awareness
Number of Dogs unes in a Line-Up
The "Hair" Case
Use in Criminal Cases
Law of Frye

Reliability of Scents Identification Line-Ups
Matching Scent
Relevance
Many Variables
Analyzing Tests
Statement Validity Analysis
Eyewitness Confrontations
Scent Identification Line-Ups
A Reliable Forensic Method

Operational Use of Scent Identifications Line-Ups
Introduction
Embedding Scent Identification Line-Ups into the System
The Scence of the Crime
Collecting Scent Traces
Trace Registration and Storage
Tactical Awareness
Preparing Material for a Scent Identification Line-Up
Conducting Attention
Management Attention
Informing the Judicial System
Maintaining High Quality

Using K9s for Scent discrimination has been part of the forensic repertoire used to solve crime for a number of decades in several European countries. Over the years, the Dutch, German, and Polish police forces have refined their approach to scent discrimination to reduce errors and make it as legally accountable as possible. Statistics show the scent discrimination now compares favorably with other forensic procedures in forming part of the picture of a crime scene.

The authors emphasize that the dog does not pinpoint a suspect as the perpetrator, but merely indicates that there is (or is not) a scent connection between evidence form the scene of a crime and a suspect in the crime. This is similar to fingerprints indicating that a suspect was present in a room where a crime was committed, without necessarily or definitively proving that the suspect committed the crime.

Schoon and Haak provide detailed training methods and working methodologies for handlers who want to train their dogs in this important work, as well as procedures for gathering scent evidence from the scene of the crime. A detailed history shows how methods have developed over the years, and why some procedures were no longer acceptable and needed to be changed. They also indicate the regulations in three nations which govern training for conducting legally acceptable scent discriminations which will hold up in their court systems.

At this writing, scent discrimination is not yet used or accepted in North American jurisdictions. However, police associations and K9 handlers may wish to begin introducing the concept in order to one day be able to add this useful procedure to their forensic repertoire.

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